9/6/2023 0 Comments Higher 2d 4d ratio women![]() ![]() Patients were excluded if they had KOA secondary to trauma, inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis etc.) or as a sequelae of infective diseases like septic arthritis. Inclusion criteria for the KOA group were age more than 25 years and a diagnosis of primary KOA based on American college of Rheumatology criteria (ACR criteria) ( 17) irrespective of the grade of OA (Kellgren - Lawrence grade). Two groups of patients were enrolled – those with KOA (KOA group) and those without (non-KOA group). All the patients reporting to the out-patient clinic of the Department of Orthopedics over a 2 years period (2014-2016) were considered and those who consented were included. Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained prior to initiation of the study. This prospective observational study was performed at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Northern India. This has the advantage of early initiation of preventive strategies thereby reducing the burden of this morbid disease. Our aim was thus to assess whether predicting the possibility of developing a future knee osteoarthritis could be based on this association using a better methodology. Their reported inconsistencies are probably related to ethnicity of their study population or are from a difference in the case definition of osteoarthritis considered by them. The association of 2D:4D ratio has been assessed as an independent risk factor to occurrence and severity of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in few previous studies.( 13– 16) However, the results are inconsistent among them. ![]() Type 3 finger pattern was also associated with a female estrogen deficiency and could be considered a surrogate marker of earlier onset of menopause. ( 8– 12) Men are over 2.5 times more likely than women to have a type 3 pattern. Based on the 2D:4D ratio, the hand has been classified into three types - index finger longer than ring finger (type 1), equal to the ring finger (type 2), or shorter than the ring finger (type 3). Associations have been described with coronary artery disease, autism, infertility, and age at menarche. (8– 12) Finger length patterns have been studied in relation to several diseases and physiologic traits and have been linked to the levels of sex hormones. ( 8) The index to ring finger length ratio (2D:4D) is believed to be associated with a wide variety of behavioral and physiological traits. The former is usually more common in females and the latter in males. Many individuals have a longer 2 nd digit (2D:4D>1) while many have a longer 4 th digit (2D:4D<1). However, there is considerable variation in the ratio of the lengths of the 2 nd to the 4 th digit (2D:4D). In the human hand, the 2 nd (index finger) and the 4 th (ring finger) digits present a pattern of approximate symmetry around the central axis of the 3 rd (Middle finger) digit. Men are known to have a higher prevalence of OA than women before the age of 50 ( 4), but after this age the prevalence is higher in women.( 5, 6) The prevalence increases with age in both men and women, but in women, it increases dramatically after the age of 50 ( 7), which coincides with menopause. While the non-modifiable risk factors for OA are age, sex, genetic influences and race modifiable risk factors include occupation, nutrition, muscle weakness, knee instability, malalignment and abnormal joint loading (including obesity).( 2, 3) It has been suggested that estrogen depletion plays a role in the onset and progression of OA. ![]() They can be broadly classified as non-modifiable and modifiable. Numerous risk factors are suspected to play a role in the causation of primary OA. There were no statistically significant differences for men.Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the most prevalent diseases in the world.( 1) It is one of the leading causes of disability among elderly. However, at the oldest ages, women with relatively longer ring fingers scored the same or higher than women with relatively longer index fingers, and older women scored just as well as younger women. Also in women with relatively longer index fingers, those who were older scored lower than those who were younger, consistent with age-related changes in cognition. At younger ages, women with relatively longer index fingers scored higher than women with relatively longer ring fingers, consistent with verbal abilities being better in girls than boys. The team reported a statistically significant pattern for women, especially on number series and verbal analogies. (Gatz M, Pike CJ, Beam CR, Reynolds CA, Poster presented at Alzheimer’s Association International Conference, July 2020) Verbal analogies scores at different ages for women with longer index than ring finger (red line) and women with longer ring than index finger (blue line). ![]()
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